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Depression in Children and Teenagers

Updated November 7, 2026

Depression is more than a bad mood. It is a health condition that affects how a child thinks, feels and functions, and it is treatable.

How depression can look in young people

Adults with depression often describe sadness. Children and teenagers may show it differently. Irritability, anger and a short temper are common, and some young people deny feeling sad at all. Signs to watch for over a period of two weeks or more include:

• A sad, empty or irritable mood most of the day
• Losing interest in friends, hobbies or activities
• Sleeping much more or much less than usual
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Tiredness and low energy
• Trouble concentrating, and slipping grades
• Feeling worthless or guilty, or harsh self-criticism
• Talk of death, or thoughts of suicide

Younger children may complain of aches and pains, become clingy, or lose interest in play. Teenagers may withdraw, spend most of their time alone, or turn to alcohol or drugs.

What can contribute

Depression usually has several causes acting together: family history, stressful events such as loss or bullying, ongoing conflict, chronic illness, and differences in brain chemistry and temperament. It is not caused by weakness and it is not something a child can simply snap out of.

Getting an evaluation

Start with your child's doctor, who can rule out medical causes such as thyroid problems and may use a short screening questionnaire. Many pediatricians screen adolescents for depression at routine visits. A mental health professional can then make a full assessment.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the child's age and how severe the depression is. Talk therapy, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy, is a common first step. For moderate to severe depression in adolescents, a doctor may recommend medication along with therapy and will monitor the young person closely, especially in the first weeks. Family involvement helps in both cases.

How parents can help

• Listen more than you advise. Let your child know you notice and that you are not angry.
• Keep gentle structure: regular sleep, meals, school and some physical activity.
• Encourage small pleasant activities, even when motivation is low.
• Stay connected with teachers so school expectations are realistic during recovery.
• Store medications, alcohol and firearms securely. This is one of the most important safety steps a family can take.
• Ask directly about suicidal thoughts if you are worried. Asking does not put the idea in a child's head.

If your child talks about wanting to die or you think they may be in danger, get help immediately. In the US, call or text 988 or call 911. See warning signs of self-harm and suicide.

Sources and further reading

• National Institute of Mental Health
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Facts for Families
• 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline

Related guides

• Self-Harm and Suicide: Warning Signs and What to DoWarning signs of self-harm and suicide in children and teens, how to ask and respond, how to make the home safer, and where to get help right away.
• Signs Your Child May Need to See a TherapistHow to tell ordinary ups and downs from problems worth a professional's opinion: what to watch, how long to wait, and who to call first.
• Sleep and Your Child's Emotional HealthHow much sleep children need at each age, how poor sleep affects mood and behavior, and practical steps for better sleep at home.

This guide is general information, not medical or psychological advice. For questions about your child, talk with a pediatrician or a licensed mental health professional. In a crisis in the US, call or text 988 or call 911; elsewhere, call your local emergency number.